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    "cveMetadata": {
        "cveId": "CVE-2026-91006",
        "assignerOrgId": "f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09",
        "state": "PUBLISHED",
        "assignerShortName": "apache",
        "dateReserved": "2026-09-14T15:56:23.927Z",
        "datePublished": "2026-09-28T10:44:32.652Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-29T21:03:21.368Z"
    },
    "containers": {
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                "orgId": "f0158376-9dc2-43b6-827c-5f631a4d8d09",
                "shortName": "apache",
                "dateUpdated": "2026-09-28T10:44:32.652Z"
            },
            "title": "Apache Karaf: OS Command Injection in Child-Instance Launch (instance:* / InstancesMBean)",
            "problemTypes": [
                {
                    "descriptions": [
                        {
                            "description": "CWE-78 Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection')",
                            "lang": "en",
                            "cweId": "CWE-78",
                            "type": "CWE"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "source": {
                "defect": [
                    "https://github.com/apache/karaf/pull/2878"
                ],
                "advisory": "https://karaf.apache.org/security/cve-2026-91006.txt",
                "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
            },
            "affected": [
                {
                    "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
                    "product": "Apache Karaf",
                    "packageName": "org.apache.karaf:org.apache.karaf.instance.core",
                    "versions": [
                        {
                            "status": "affected",
                            "version": "0",
                            "lessThan": "4.4.12",
                            "versionType": "semver"
                        }
                    ],
                    "defaultStatus": "unaffected"
                }
            ],
            "descriptions": [
                {
                    "value": "Apache Karaf's instance-management service (InstanceServiceImpl) builds the command line used to launch a child Karaf JVM by string concatenation, then executes it through /bin/sh (Unix) or cscript (Windows). The caller-supplied javaOpts value is spliced into that string unquoted. A javaOpts value containing shell metacharacters (;, |, `, $(...)) is interpreted by the shell instead of being passed to the JVM as an option, giving arbitrary OS command execution as the Karaf process user.\n\n\nReachable via the shell commands instance:create, instance:start, instance:restart, instance:change-opts, and the equivalent InstanceMBean JMX operations (createInstance, startInstance, changeJavaOpts, cloneInstance).\n\nMitigation   *  Set karaf.secured.command.compulsory.roles=admin in etc/system.properties to close the fail-open gap for all unconfigured command scopes.\n  *  Restrict which principals can reach instance:* commands and InstancesMBean via etc/users.properties role assignments.\n  *  Treat javaOpts passed to instance:create/instance:start/instance:change-opts/InstancesMBean as untrusted input only from fully-trusted operators.",
                    "lang": "en",
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                            "value": "Apache Karaf's instance-management service (<code>InstanceServiceImpl</code>) builds the command line used to launch a child Karaf JVM by string concatenation, then executes it through&nbsp;<code>/bin/sh&nbsp;</code>(Unix) or&nbsp;<code>cscript</code>&nbsp;(Windows). The caller-supplied&nbsp;<code>javaOpts</code>&nbsp;value is spliced into that string unquoted. A javaOpts value containing shell metacharacters (<code>;</code>,&nbsp;<code>|</code>,&nbsp;<code>`</code>,&nbsp;<code>$(...)</code>) is interpreted by the shell instead of being passed to the JVM as an option, giving arbitrary OS command execution as the Karaf process user.<div><br></div><div>Reachable via the shell commands&nbsp;<code>instance:create</code>,&nbsp;<code>instance:start</code>,&nbsp;<code>instance:restart</code>,&nbsp;<code>instance:change-opts</code>, and the equivalent&nbsp;<code>InstanceMBean</code>&nbsp;JMX operations (<code>createInstance</code>,&nbsp;<code>startInstance</code>,&nbsp;<code>changeJavaOpts</code>,&nbsp;<code>cloneInstance</code>).</div><h3>Mitigation&nbsp;</h3><div><ul><li>Set&nbsp;<code>karaf.secured.command.compulsory.roles=admin</code>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<code>etc/system.properties</code>&nbsp;to close the fail-open gap for all unconfigured command scopes.</li><li>Restrict which principals can reach&nbsp;<code>instance:*</code>&nbsp;commands and&nbsp;<code>InstancesMBean</code>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<code>etc/users.properties</code>&nbsp;role assignments.</li><li>Treat&nbsp;<code>javaOpts</code>&nbsp;passed to i<code>nstance:create</code>/<code>instance:start</code>/<code>instance:change-opts</code>/<code>InstancesMBean</code>&nbsp;as untrusted input only from fully-trusted operators.</li></ul></div><div><br></div>"
                        }
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            "references": [
                {
                    "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/olzy0yjw82b20w59vonfjr1x7v5yzocr",
                    "tags": [
                        "vendor-advisory"
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            "metrics": [
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                        "type": "Textual description of severity",
                        "content": {
                            "text": "moderate"
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                            "lang": "en",
                            "value": "GENERAL"
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            "credits": [
                {
                    "lang": "en",
                    "value": "n0mi1k <nomilksec@gmail.com>",
                    "type": "reporter"
                }
            ],
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                "title": "CVE Program Container",
                "references": [
                    {
                        "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/09/28/3"
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                    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-28T13:10:12.951Z"
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            {
                "metrics": [
                    {
                        "cvssV3_1": {
                            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                            "version": "3.1",
                            "baseScore": 8.8,
                            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                            "userInteraction": "NONE",
                            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH"
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                            "type": "ssvc",
                            "content": {
                                "timestamp": "2026-09-29T03:55:20.472246Z",
                                "id": "CVE-2026-91006",
                                "options": [
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                                        "Exploitation": "none"
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                                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                                "version": "2.0.3"
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                "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment",
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