CVE-2024-26960
mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()
02 Description
mm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()
03 Exploitation and scoring
- Exploitation
- Assessed, none found. CISA's assessment recorded neither public exploit code nor evidence of exploitation when it was made.
- SSVC decision
- ExploitationnoneCISA recorded no public exploit code and no evidence of exploitation.
- AutomatablenoAt least one step from reconnaissance to exploitation cannot be reliably automated.
- Technical ImpactpartialSuccessful exploitation gives limited control of the vulnerable component.
- EPSS probability
- 0.18% probability of exploitation activity in the next 30 days.
- EPSS percentile
- Equal to or higher than the score of 7.5% of scored records. A rank, not a probability.
- NVD base score
- 7.0 (CVSS v3.x), scored by the NVD independently of the CNA.
- NVD CVSS vector
- CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- NVD analysis status
- Modified. NVD last modified this record on 2026-10-15.
- Red Hat severity
- Low. Red Hat's rating for its own products, not a CVSS rating.
Exploit-prediction scores from FIRST. Independent scoring and analysis status from the NVD. Vendor severity from Red Hat. Exploitation assessment and catalog membership from CISA.
04 Metadata
- Published
- 2024-05-01 05:19Z2 YR AGO
- Last updated
- 2026-10-15 00:39Z15 DAYS AGO
- Reserved
- 2024-02-19
- Assigning CNA
- Linux
- Record state
- PUBLISHED
- Severity
- High (CVSS 7.0)
- CNA CVSS vector
- CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- Weaknesses
- Data version
- 5.2
- Document digest
- d96be27bfb05284fd643458c7af9e3e2a23d5bb00bcc77d33d4df5b2c9e423eb
05 Affected products
06 References
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d85c11c97ecf92d47a4b29e3faca714dc1f18d0d
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2da5568ee222ce0541bfe446a07998f92ed1643e
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1ede7f1d7eed1738d1b9333fd1e152ccb450b86a
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0f98f6d2fb5fad00f8299b84b85b6bc1b6d7d19a
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ce4c4c653e4e478ecb15d3c88e690f12cbf6b39
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/363d17e7f7907c8e27a9e86968af0eaa2301787b
- git.kernel.orghttps://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82b1c07a0af603e3c47b906c8e991dc96f01688e
- lists.debian.orghttps://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/msg00017.html
- cert-portal.siemens.comhttps://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-265688.html
07 Fixed in
AlmaLinux 8
- bpftool Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-abi-stablelists Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-cross-headers Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-doc Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-headers Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-rt Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-tools Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-tools-libs Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-tools-libs-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- perf Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- python3-perf Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
Source: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
CloudLinux 8
- bpftool Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-abi-stablelists Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-cross-headers Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-doc Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-headers Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-rt Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-rt-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.rt7.357.el8_10
- kernel-tools Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-tools-libs Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-tools-libs-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-core Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- perf Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
- python3-perf Fixed in 4.18.0-553.16.1.el8_10
Derived from AlmaLinux 8. Partial coverage: only packages taken from AlmaLinux 8 are listed.
Source: CloudLinux errata, CloudLinux Inc. Derived from: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Debian 12
- linux Fixed in 6.1.85-1
Source: Debian Security Tracker, the Debian security team. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Debian 13
- linux Fixed in 6.7.12-1
Source: Debian Security Tracker, the Debian security team. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Debian 14
- linux Fixed in 6.7.12-1
Source: Debian Security Tracker, the Debian security team. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
- linux-hwe-edge No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
- linux-aws-5.0 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-azure No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-azure-edge No fix yet
- linux-gcp No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-gke-4.15 No fix yet
- linux-gke-5.4 No fix yet
- linux-gkeop-5.4 No fix yet
- linux-hwe No fix yet
- linux-hwe-edge No fix yet
- linux-oem No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.0 No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.3 No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
- linux Fixed in 5.4.0-198.218
- linux-aws Fixed in 5.4.0-1134.144
- linux-aws-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1065.71~20.04.1
- linux-aws-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-azure Fixed in 5.4.0-1139.146
- linux-azure-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1068.77~20.04.1
- linux-azure-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-azure-fde No fix yet
- linux-bluefield Fixed in 5.4.0-1094.101
- linux-gcp Fixed in 5.4.0-1138.147
- linux-gcp-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1065.73~20.04.1
- linux-gcp-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-gke No fix yet
- linux-gke-5.15 No fix yet
- linux-gkeop Fixed in 5.4.0-1101.105
- linux-gkeop-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1048.55~20.04.1
- linux-hwe-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-hwe-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-hwe-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-116.126~20.04.1
- linux-hwe-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-ibm Fixed in 5.4.0-1081.86
- linux-ibm-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1058.61~20.04.1
- linux-intel-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-intel-iotg-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1060.66~20.04.1
- linux-iot Fixed in 5.4.0-1044.45
- linux-kvm Fixed in 5.4.0-1122.130
- linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-116.126~20.04.1
- linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1027.27~20.04.1
- linux-oem-5.10 No fix yet
- linux-oem-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-oem-5.14 No fix yet
- linux-oem-5.6 No fix yet
- linux-oracle Fixed in 5.4.0-1133.142
- linux-oracle-5.11 No fix yet
10 further packages in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS not shown (first 40 listed).
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
- linux Fixed in 5.15.0-116.126
- linux-allwinner-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-aws Fixed in 5.15.0-1065.71
- linux-aws-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-aws-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-aws-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-azure Fixed in 5.15.0-1068.77
- linux-azure-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-azure-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-azure-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-azure-fde Fixed in 5.15.0-1068.77.1
- linux-azure-fde-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-azure-fde-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-gcp Fixed in 5.15.0-1064.72
- linux-gcp-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-gke Fixed in 5.15.0-1062.68
- linux-gkeop Fixed in 5.15.0-1048.55
- linux-hwe-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-hwe-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-hwe-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-ibm Fixed in 5.15.0-1058.61
- linux-intel-iotg Fixed in 5.15.0-1060.66
- linux-kvm Fixed in 5.15.0-1062.67
- linux-lowlatency Fixed in 5.15.0-116.126
- linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19 No fix yet
- linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-nvidia Fixed in 5.15.0-1060.61
- linux-nvidia-6.2 No fix yet
- linux-nvidia-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-nvidia-tegra Fixed in 5.15.0-1026.26
- linux-nvidia-tegra-igx Fixed in 5.15.0-1015.15
- linux-oem-5.17 No fix yet
- linux-oem-6.0 No fix yet
- linux-oem-6.1 No fix yet
- linux-oem-6.5 No fix yet
- linux-oracle Fixed in 5.15.0-1063.69
- linux-oracle-6.5 No fix yet
9 further packages in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS not shown (first 40 listed).
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
- linux Fixed in 6.8.0-35.35
- linux-aws Fixed in 6.8.0-1009.9
- linux-azure Fixed in 6.8.0-1008.8
- linux-gcp Fixed in 6.8.0-1008.9
- linux-gke Fixed in 6.8.0-1004.7
- linux-ibm Fixed in 6.8.0-1006.6
- linux-lowlatency Fixed in 6.8.0-35.35.1
- linux-oem-6.8 Fixed in 6.8.0-1006.6
- linux-oracle Fixed in 6.8.0-1006.6
- linux-raspi Fixed in 6.8.0-1005.5
- linux-riscv Fixed in 6.8.0-35.35.1
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Nvidia-BlueField 22.04 LTS
- linux-bluefield Fixed in 5.15.0-1047.49
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro 14.04 LTS
- linux-azure Fixed in 4.15.0-1182.197~14.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS
- linux-aws-hwe Fixed in 4.15.0-1174.187~16.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure Fixed in 4.15.0-1182.197~16.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp Fixed in 4.15.0-1167.184~16.04.2Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-hwe Fixed in 4.15.0-230.242~16.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-oracle Fixed in 4.15.0-1136.147~16.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS
- linux Fixed in 4.15.0-230.242Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-aws Fixed in 4.15.0-1174.187Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-aws-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1134.144~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure-4.15 Fixed in 4.15.0-1182.197Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1139.146~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp-4.15 Fixed in 4.15.0-1167.184Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1138.147~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-hwe-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-198.218~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-ibm-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1081.86~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-kvm Fixed in 4.15.0-1157.162Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-oracle Fixed in 4.15.0-1136.147Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-oracle-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1133.142~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-raspi-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1118.130~18.04.1Available with Ubuntu Pro (Infra-only): https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-preview 22.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips No fix yet
- linux-azure-fips No fix yet
- linux-fips No fix yet
- linux-gcp-fips No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 18.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips Fixed in 4.15.0-2112.118Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure-fips Fixed in 4.15.0-2091.97Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-fips Fixed in 4.15.0-1128.139Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp-fips Fixed in 4.15.0-2075.80Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1134.144+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1139.146+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1108.118Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1138.147+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 22.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips Fixed in 5.15.0-1065.71+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure-fips Fixed in 5.15.0-1068.77+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-fips Fixed in 5.15.0-115.125+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp-fips Fixed in 5.15.0-1064.72+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 18.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips No fix yet
- linux-azure-fips No fix yet
- linux-fips No fix yet
- linux-gcp-fips No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 20.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips No fix yet
- linux-azure-fips No fix yet
- linux-fips No fix yet
- linux-gcp-fips No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 22.04 LTS
- linux-intel-iot-realtime Fixed in 5.15.0-1058.60Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-realtime Fixed in 5.15.0-1066.74Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 24.04 LTS
- linux-raspi-realtime Fixed in 6.8.0-2004.4Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-realtime Fixed in 6.8.1-1002.2Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
A release or ecosystem missing from this list has no record here. It may be unaffected or not covered by the source. Source notices and licences.