{ "dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.2", "cveMetadata": { "cveId": "CVE-2023-54124", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "Linux", "dateReserved": "2025-12-24T13:02:52.521Z", "datePublished": "2025-12-24T13:06:43.290Z", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:17:25.391Z" }, "containers": { "cna": { "providerMetadata": { "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T09:17:25.391Z" }, "descriptions": [ { "lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nf2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set\n\nxfstest generic/361 reports a bug as below:\n\nf2fs_bug_on(sbi, sbi->fsync_node_num);\n\nkernel BUG at fs/f2fs/super.c:1627!\nRIP: 0010:f2fs_put_super+0x3a8/0x3b0\nCall Trace:\n generic_shutdown_super+0x8c/0x1b0\n kill_block_super+0x2b/0x60\n kill_f2fs_super+0x87/0x110\n deactivate_locked_super+0x39/0x80\n deactivate_super+0x46/0x50\n cleanup_mnt+0x109/0x170\n __cleanup_mnt+0x16/0x20\n task_work_run+0x65/0xa0\n exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x175/0x190\n syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x25/0x50\n do_syscall_64+0x4c/0x90\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc\n\nDuring umount(), if cp_error is set, f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() should\nnot stop waiting all F2FS_WB_CP_DATA pages to be writebacked, otherwise,\nfsync_node_num can be non-zero after f2fs_wait_on_all_pages() causing\nthis bug.\n\nIn this case, to avoid deadloop in f2fs_wait_on_all_pages(), it needs\nto drop all dirty pages rather than redirtying them." } ], "metrics": [ { "cvssV3_1": { "version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH" }, "scenarios": [ { "lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The bug is reached through local filesystem operations — write/fsync on an f2fs volume followed by umount(2) of that mount — with no network component. f2fs is a local block filesystem (Android /data, eMMC/SD/USB media), so the attacker needs local access to the system.\nAC:L - Both preconditions are attacker-controlled: `CP_ERROR_FLAG` is set deterministically by a crafted image whose metadata reads fail (or by an erroring backing device), and outstanding `F2FS_WB_CP_DATA`/fsync-node pages are trivially produced by a concurrent write+fsync loop before unmount. The condition is reliably reproducible — it is caught by xfstest generic/361.\nPR:L - The dirty-node-page side requires only an unprivileged user with write access to the f2fs mount; the mount/umount of the crafted volume is routinely available to unprivileged users via udisks2/vold auto-mount, `user`/`users` fstab entries, or removable-media handlers. No real root capability in the init namespace is needed for the realistic attack.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the mount, the I/O workload, and the umount itself in the auto-mount/removable-media and Android adoptable-storage scenarios; no separate victim action is required. On an already-mounted f2fs volume that hits a device error, the panic occurs at the next unmount without any user involvement.\nS:U - The corruption and the resulting panic are confined to the kernel of the affected system, with no crossing into a different security authority such as a hypervisor or IOMMU boundary. This is a standard in-kernel filesystem defect.\nC:H - Skipping the writeback drain lets `f2fs_put_super()` `kfree(sbi)` (and destroy the node manager and checkpoint buffer) while bios whose `bi_private` is that `f2fs_sb_info` are still in flight, so `f2fs_write_end_io()` operates on freed, reallocatable memory. Per kernel UAF guidance, an attacker who reclaims that slab can leverage the stale references for information disclosure.\nI:H - The same use-after-free provides write primitives into freed memory — `dec_page_count()` atomics, a `list_del()` on `sbi->fsync_node_list` under `sbi->fsync_node_lock`, and `wake_up(&sbi->cp_wait)` — all executed from IRQ context on a reclaimed allocation, which is exploitable for heap corruption. The bug additionally leaves the volume with `SBI_NEED_FSCK` and undropped/redirtied metadata, i.e. on-disk inconsistency.\nA:H - On `CONFIG_F2FS_CHECK_FS` builds the path terminates in `f2fs_bug_on(sbi, sbi->fsync_node_num)` — an unconditional `BUG_ON()` kernel panic in `f2fs_put_super()`, as shown in the reported trace. Without that config the resulting use-after-free crashes the kernel, and the changelog also notes a potential dead-loop in `f2fs_wait_on_all_pages()` from perpetually redirtied pages." } ] } ], "affected": [ { "product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": [ "fs/f2fs/checkpoint.c", "fs/f2fs/data.c" ], "versions": [ { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "92575f05a32dafb16348bfa5e62478118a9be069", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "4ceedc2f8bdffb82e40b7d1bb912304f8e157cb1", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "ad87bd313f70b51e48019d5ce2d02d73152356b3", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "d8f4ad5f3979dbd8e6251259562f12472717883a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "7741ddc882a0c806a6508ba8203c55a779db7a21", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "82c3d6e9db41cbd3af1d4f90bdb441740b5fad10", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" }, { "version": "af697c0f5c5b8798832e651baf23460d588393de", "lessThan": "c9b3649a934d131151111354bcbb638076f03a30", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git" } ] }, { "product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": [ "fs/f2fs/checkpoint.c", "fs/f2fs/data.c" ], "versions": [ { "version": "4.19", "status": "affected" }, { "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.19", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "4.19.284", "lessThanOrEqual": "4.19.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.4.244", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.4.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.10.181", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "5.15.113", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.1.30", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.3.4", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.3.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver" }, { "version": "6.4", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix" } ] } ], "cpeApplicability": [ { "nodes": [ { "operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [ { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "4.19.284" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "5.4.244" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.181" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.113" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.30" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "6.3.4" }, { "vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.19", "versionEndExcluding": "6.4" } ] } ] } ], "references": [ { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/92575f05a32dafb16348bfa5e62478118a9be069" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4ceedc2f8bdffb82e40b7d1bb912304f8e157cb1" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ad87bd313f70b51e48019d5ce2d02d73152356b3" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d8f4ad5f3979dbd8e6251259562f12472717883a" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7741ddc882a0c806a6508ba8203c55a779db7a21" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/82c3d6e9db41cbd3af1d4f90bdb441740b5fad10" }, { "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c9b3649a934d131151111354bcbb638076f03a30" } ], "title": "f2fs: fix to drop all dirty pages during umount() if cp_error is set", "x_generator": { "engine": "bippy-1.2.0" } } } }