CVE-2022-1789
With shadow paging enabled, the INVPCID instruction results in a call to kvm_mmu_invpcid_gva. If INVPCID is executed with CR0.PG=0, the invlpg callback is not set and the result is a NULL pointer
02 Description
With shadow paging enabled, the INVPCID instruction results in a call to kvm_mmu_invpcid_gva. If INVPCID is executed with CR0.PG=0, the invlpg callback is not set and the result is a NULL pointer
03 Exploitation and scoring
- Exploitation
- Not assessed. CISA has not published an exploitation assessment for this record, and it is not in the KEV catalog. That is an absence of assessment, not a finding of no risk.
- SSVC decision
- Not assessed by CISA
- EPSS probability
- 0.33% probability of exploitation activity in the next 30 days.
- EPSS percentile
- Equal to or higher than the score of 26.6% of scored records. A rank, not a probability.
- NVD base score
- 6.8 (CVSS v3.x), scored by the NVD independently of the CNA.
- NVD CVSS vector
- CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- NVD analysis status
- Modified. NVD last modified this record on 2026-06-17.
- Red Hat severity
- Moderate. Red Hat's rating for its own products, not a CVSS rating.
Exploit-prediction scores from FIRST. Independent scoring and analysis status from the NVD. Vendor severity from Red Hat. Exploitation assessment and catalog membership from CISA.
04 Metadata
- Published
- 2022-05-31 18:48Z4 YR AGO
- Last updated
- 2024-08-03 00:16Z2 YR AGO
- Reserved
- 2022-05-18
- Assigning CNA
- redhat
- Record state
- PUBLISHED
- Severity
- Not rated by the issuing CNA
- CNA CVSS vector
- Not published by the issuing CNA
- Weaknesses
- CWE-476NULL Pointer DereferenceBase
- Data version
- 5.1
- Document digest
- 64f6eab351cf12787c1b1febbd56bcff40963161907ab59a80e30dcc2dc7b184
05 Affected products
06 References
- francozappa.github.iohttps://francozappa.github.io/about-bias/
- bugzilla.redhat.comhttps://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1832397
- kb.cert.orghttps://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/647177/
- lists.fedoraproject.orgFEDORA-2022-ef8c8a5925https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IBUOQTNTQ4ZCXHOCNKYIL2ZUIAZ675RD/
- lists.fedoraproject.orgFEDORA-2022-be819b07a3https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/KCEAPIVPRTJHKPF2A2HVF5XHD5XJT3MN/
- lists.fedoraproject.orgFEDORA-2022-3b86247c11https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/H6JP355XFVAB33X4BNO3ERVTURFYEDB7/
- www.debian.orgDSA-5161https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5161
07 Fixed in
AlmaLinux 8
- bpftool Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-abi-stablelists Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-cross-headers Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-doc Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-rt Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-tools Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-tools-libs Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-tools-libs-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- perf Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- python3-perf Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
Source: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
AlmaLinux 9
- bpftool Fixed in 7.0.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-abi-stablelists Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-cross-headers Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-uki-virt Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-doc Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-rt Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-kvm Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
21 further packages in AlmaLinux 9 not shown (first 40 listed).
Source: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Arch Linux
- linux Fixed in 5.18.11.arch1-1
- linux-hardened Fixed in 5.18.11.hardened1-1
- linux-lts Fixed in 5.15.54-1
- linux-zen Fixed in 5.18.11.zen1-1
Source: Arch Linux Security Tracker, the Arch Linux security team. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
CloudLinux 8
- bpftool Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-abi-stablelists Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-cross-headers Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-doc Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-rt Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-kvm Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-rt-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.rt7.274.el8_8
- kernel-tools Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-tools-libs Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-tools-libs-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-core Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-devel Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- kernel-zfcpdump-modules-extra Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- perf Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
- python3-perf Fixed in 4.18.0-477.10.1.el8_8
Derived from AlmaLinux 8. Partial coverage: only packages taken from AlmaLinux 8 are listed.
Source: CloudLinux errata, CloudLinux Inc. Derived from: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
CloudLinux 9
- bpftool Fixed in 7.0.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-64k-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-abi-stablelists Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-cross-headers Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-debug-uki-virt Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-devel-matched Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-doc Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-modules-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-modules-extra Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2
- kernel-rt Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-core Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-devel Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-kvm Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
- kernel-rt-debug-modules Fixed in 5.14.0-284.11.1.rt14.296.el9_2
21 further packages in CloudLinux 9 not shown (first 40 listed).
Derived from AlmaLinux 9. Partial coverage: only packages taken from AlmaLinux 9 are listed.
Source: CloudLinux errata, CloudLinux Inc. Derived from: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Debian 12
- linux Fixed in 5.17.11-1
Source: Debian Security Tracker, the Debian security team. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Debian 13
- linux Fixed in 5.17.11-1
Source: Debian Security Tracker, the Debian security team. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Debian 14
- linux Fixed in 5.17.11-1
Source: Debian Security Tracker, the Debian security team. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
- linux-hwe-edge No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
- linux-aws-5.0 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1081.88~18.04.1
- linux-azure No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1086.91~18.04.1
- linux-azure-edge No fix yet
- linux-gcp No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1084.92~18.04.1
- linux-gke-4.15 No fix yet
- linux-gke-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1078.84~18.04.1
- linux-gkeop-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1049.52~18.04.1
- linux-hwe No fix yet
- linux-hwe-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-122.138~18.04.1
- linux-hwe-edge No fix yet
- linux-ibm-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1029.33~18.04.1
- linux-oem No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.0 No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.3 No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1079.87~18.04.1
- linux-raspi-5.4 Fixed in 5.4.0-1066.76~18.04.1
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
- linux Fixed in 5.4.0-122.138
- linux-aws Fixed in 5.4.0-1081.88
- linux-aws-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-aws-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-azure Fixed in 5.4.0-1086.91
- linux-azure-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-azure-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1014.17~20.04.1
- linux-azure-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-bluefield Fixed in 5.4.0-1042.47
- linux-gcp Fixed in 5.4.0-1084.92
- linux-gcp-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-gcp-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1013.18~20.04.1
- linux-gcp-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-gke Fixed in 5.4.0-1078.84
- linux-gkeop Fixed in 5.4.0-1049.52
- linux-hwe-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-hwe-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-hwe-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-41.44~20.04.1
- linux-hwe-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-ibm Fixed in 5.4.0-1029.33
- linux-intel-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-intel-iotg-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1015.20~20.04.2
- linux-iot Fixed in 5.4.0-1004.6
- linux-kvm Fixed in 5.4.0-1071.76
- linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-42.45~20.04.1
- linux-oem-5.10 No fix yet
- linux-oem-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-oem-5.14 Fixed in 5.14.0-1044.49
- linux-oem-5.6 No fix yet
- linux-oracle Fixed in 5.4.0-1079.87
- linux-oracle-5.11 No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.13 No fix yet
- linux-oracle-5.15 Fixed in 5.15.0-1013.17~20.04.1
- linux-oracle-5.8 No fix yet
- linux-raspi Fixed in 5.4.0-1066.76
- linux-raspi2 No fix yet
- linux-riscv No fix yet
2 further packages in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS not shown (first 40 listed).
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
- linux Fixed in 5.15.0-41.44
- linux-aws Fixed in 5.15.0-1015.19
- linux-azure Fixed in 5.15.0-1014.17
- linux-gcp Fixed in 5.15.0-1013.18
- linux-gke Fixed in 5.15.0-1011.14
- linux-gkeop Fixed in 5.15.0-1002.4
- linux-ibm Fixed in 5.15.0-1010.12
- linux-intel-iot-realtime No fix yet
- linux-intel-iotg Fixed in 5.15.0-1013.17
- linux-kvm Fixed in 5.15.0-1013.16
- linux-lowlatency Fixed in 5.15.0-41.44
- linux-oem-5.17 Fixed in 5.17.0-1013.14
- linux-oracle Fixed in 5.15.0-1013.17
- linux-raspi Fixed in 5.15.0-1012.14
- linux-realtime No fix yet
- linux-riscv Fixed in 5.15.0-1015.17
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
- linux-raspi-realtime No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1081.88+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-azure-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1086.91+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1057.65Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
- linux-gcp-fips Fixed in 5.4.0-1081.88+fips1Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 20.04 LTS
- linux-aws-fips No fix yet
- linux-azure-fips No fix yet
- linux-fips No fix yet
- linux-gcp-fips No fix yet
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 22.04 LTS
- linux-realtime Fixed in 5.15.0-1016.16Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
A release or ecosystem missing from this list has no record here. It may be unaffected or not covered by the source. Source notices and licences.