CVE-2019-9023
An issue was discovered in PHP before 5.6.40, 7.x before 7.1.26, 7.2.x before 7.2.14, and 7.3.x before 7.3.1. A number of heap-based buffer over-read instances are present in mbstring regular
02 Description
An issue was discovered in PHP before 5.6.40, 7.x before 7.1.26, 7.2.x before 7.2.14, and 7.3.x before 7.3.1. A number of heap-based buffer over-read instances are present in mbstring regular
03 Exploitation and scoring
- Exploitation
- Not assessed. CISA has not published an exploitation assessment for this record, and it is not in the KEV catalog. That is an absence of assessment, not a finding of no risk.
- SSVC decision
- Not assessed by CISA
- EPSS probability
- 9.31% probability of exploitation activity in the next 30 days.
- EPSS percentile
- Equal to or higher than the score of 95.1% of scored records. A rank, not a probability.
- NVD base score
- 9.8 (CVSS v3.x), scored by the NVD independently of the CNA.
- NVD CVSS vector
- CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- NVD analysis status
- Modified. NVD last modified this record on 2026-06-17.
- Red Hat severity
- Low. Red Hat's rating for its own products, not a CVSS rating.
Exploit-prediction scores from FIRST. Independent scoring and analysis status from the NVD. Vendor severity from Red Hat. Exploitation assessment and catalog membership from CISA.
04 Metadata
- Published
- 2019-02-22 23:00Z7 YR AGO
- Last updated
- 2024-08-04 21:38Z2 YR AGO
- Reserved
- 2019-02-22
- Assigning CNA
- mitre
- Record state
- PUBLISHED
- Severity
- Not rated by the issuing CNA
- CNA CVSS vector
- Not published by the issuing CNA
- Weaknesses
- Data version
- 5.1
- Document digest
- a07f48ffe94efa314d56878737bbba363bcfc358bc5b8a1dbc021ae0cd43d7a9
05 Affected products
06 References
- usn.ubuntu.comUSN-3902-2https://usn.ubuntu.com/3902-2/
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77382
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77418
- www.debian.orgDSA-4398https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4398
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77371
- usn.ubuntu.comUSN-3902-1https://usn.ubuntu.com/3902-1/
- www.securityfocus.com107156http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107156
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77370
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77385
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77394
- bugs.php.nethttps://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=77381
- security.netapp.comhttps://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20190321-0001/
- support.f5.comhttps://support.f5.com/csp/article/K06372014
- lists.opensuse.orgopenSUSE-SU-2019:1256http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-04/msg00083.html
- lists.opensuse.orgopenSUSE-SU-2019:1293http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-04/msg00104.html
- lists.opensuse.orgopenSUSE-SU-2019:1572http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-06/msg00041.html
- lists.opensuse.orgopenSUSE-SU-2019:1573http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-06/msg00044.html
- access.redhat.comRHSA-2019:2519https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:2519
- access.redhat.comRHSA-2019:3299https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3299
07 Fixed in
AlmaLinux 8
- apcu-panel Fixed in 5.1.12-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- libzip Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- libzip-devel Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- libzip-tools Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-bcmath Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-cli Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-common Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-dba Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-dbg Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-devel Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-embedded Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-enchant Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-fpm Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-gd Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-gmp Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-intl Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-json Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-ldap Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-mbstring Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-mysqlnd Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-odbc Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-opcache Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pdo Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pear Fixed in 1:1.10.5-9.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- php-pecl-apcu Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pecl-apcu-devel Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pecl-zip Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.15.3-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.15.3-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.15.3-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pgsql Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-process Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-recode Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-snmp Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-soap Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-xml Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-xmlrpc Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
Source: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
CloudLinux 8
- apcu-panel Fixed in 5.1.12-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- libzip Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- libzip-devel Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- libzip-tools Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.5.1-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-bcmath Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-cli Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-common Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-dba Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-dbg Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-devel Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-embedded Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-enchant Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-fpm Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-gd Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-gmp Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-intl Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-json Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-ldap Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-mbstring Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-mysqlnd Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-odbc Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-opcache Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pdo Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pear Fixed in 1:1.10.5-9.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- php-pecl-apcu Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pecl-apcu-devel Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 5.1.12-2.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pecl-zip Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 1.15.3-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.15.3-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 1.15.3-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-pgsql Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-process Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-recode Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-snmp Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-soap Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-xml Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
- php-xmlrpc Fixed
A version is affected if any line below covers it.
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.3.0+2010+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223
- Affected before 7.2.24-1.module_el8.5.0+53+9945c2af
Derived from AlmaLinux 8. Partial coverage: only packages taken from AlmaLinux 8 are listed.
Source: CloudLinux errata, CloudLinux Inc. Derived from: AlmaLinux, AlmaLinux OS. Copyright (c) 2023 AlmaLinux OS. Licensed under MIT License. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
- php5 Fixed in 5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.27
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
- php7.0 Fixed in 7.0.33-0ubuntu0.16.04.2
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
- php7.2 Fixed in 7.2.15-0ubuntu0.18.04.1
Source: Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Received through OSV.dev. Reformatted by exploit.cc.
A release or ecosystem missing from this list has no record here. It may be unaffected or not covered by the source. Source notices and licences.